![]() The Spirit of '76 in reference to the qualities that sparked and sustained the American Revolution of 1776 is attested by 1797 in William Cobbett's "Porcupine's Gazette and Daily Advertiser." Louis) is attested from 1680s and was common after 1800. as "essential nature, essential quality." The non-theological sense of "essential principle of something" (as in Spirit of St. Spirit-world "world of disembodied spirits" is by 1829. Spirit-rapping, colloquial for spiritualism in the supernatural sense, is from 1852. as "ghost, disembodied soul of a person" (compare ghost (n.)). ![]() The meaning "supernatural immaterial creature angel, demon an apparition, invisible corporeal being of an airy nature" is attested from mid-14c. as "the soul as the seat of morality in man," and "extension of divine power to man inspiration, a charismatic state charismatic power," especially in reference to prophecy. ![]() as "divine substance, divine mind, God " also "Christ" or His divine nature also "the Holy Ghost divine power." Also by late 14c. There are no direct cognates." Compare conspire, expire, inspire. But de Vaan says the Latin verb is "Possibly an onomatopoeic formation imitating the sound of breathing. The Latin word also could mean "disposition, character high spirit, vigor, courage pride, arrogance." It is a derivative of spirare "to breathe," and formerly was said to be perhaps from a PIE *(s)peis- "to blow" (source also of Old Church Slavonic pisto "to play on the flute"). (Gen.Ed.Mid-13c., "life, the animating or vital principle in man and animals," from Anglo-French spirit, Old French espirit "spirit, soul" (12c., Modern French esprit) and directly from Latin spiritus "a breathing (of respiration, also of the wind), breath " also "breath of a god," hence "inspiration breath of life," hence life itself. This discussion includes the War on Drugs, mandatory minimum sentencing, and private, for-profit prisons. The final weeks of the semester address the role that race, ethnicity, sex, and socioeconomic status play in the criminal justice system outside of Indian Country. This course addresses the generally ignored issue of crime and criminal jurisdiction in Indian Country. This course goes on to highlight changes in criminal behavior and theories of punishment, including the different ways that Americans have sought to deter, punish, and rehabilitate. Also examined is criminal responsibility and defenses. Substantive offenses covered include homicidal offenses, other offenses against persons, property crimes, white collar and organized crime, vice crimes, and offenses against public health and the environment. It then introduces the students to substantive criminal law, including basic stages of the criminal process, principles underlying the definition of crime such as the requirements of actus reus and mens rea, causation, attempt, complicity, and conspiracy. This course begins with an introduction to the role of the Constitution in criminal law, including due process, equal protection, and the Bill of Rights. Crime and punishment are among the most important issues in contemporary America.
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